By Dr. Mohnish Chhabra
Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is no longer considered a disease of the West. In India, its incidence has been steadily rising, with an increasing number of younger adults being diagnosed. The encouraging news, however, is that colorectal cancer is one of the few cancers that can often be prevented through timely screening and early intervention.
A Silent Disease That Develops Slowly
Most colorectal cancers begin as small, non-cancerous growths called polyps that develop on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. These polyps usually take 10 to 15 years to turn into cancer, offering a valuable window for detection and treatment. The challenge is that early-stage colorectal cancer and polyps rarely produce symptoms, which is why many patients are diagnosed only when the disease has reached an advanced stage.
Symptoms such as rectal bleeding, persistent changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain or anaemia often appear later, making treatment more complex. Waiting for symptoms is therefore not the right approach.
Who Is at Risk?
Although colorectal cancer is more common after the age of 45, younger adults are increasingly being affected. A family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and diets high in processed or red meat all increase the risk. People with a sedentary lifestyle and certain medical conditions should also be more vigilant.
The good news is that many of these risk factors are modifiable. Regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a fibre-rich diet with fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
Why Screening Saves Lives
The greatest advantage we have against colorectal cancer is screening. A colonoscopy not only detects polyps but also allows them to be removed during the same procedure, preventing them from becoming cancerous. Studies have shown that removing precancerous polyps can prevent up to 90% of colorectal cancers.
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